Wearable devices and phone-based applications (apps) for self-monitoring of physical activity are becoming increasingly common. However, the level of use and their effectiveness among health club members is still unknown.

Using data collected as part of the TRP 10,000 study, this article will report on what proportion of members track their physical activity using technology and whether the use of such technology is associated with motivation, visit frequency, progress and ultimately membership retention.

Data and analysis
Between July and September 2013, members completed an online questionnaire that asked them if they were using any product, app or system to track their physical activity, either inside or outside their club. Members who ticked the box to say they used an app were asked to list the app they used.

Who tracks, and with what?
Overall, 27 per cent of members reported using some tracking device, with the majority saying they used a phone or web app (15 per cent).

Slightly more males than females reported tracking their physical activity (30 per cent versus 26 per cent) and levels of tracking declined with age (40 per cent of 16- to 24-year-olds compared to 7 per cent of members aged 55 years and older). Long-standing members were also less likely to report using tracking technology compared to newer members.

Members reported an incredibly broad range of systems for tracking, but the most commonly cited was MyFitnessPal, an internet- and app-based programme designed to help people track their food and physical activity to assist with weight loss. All other tracking systems listed were used by fewer than 1 per cent of members.

Higher motivation?
So is there a difference in exercise motivation between members who do and don’t track their physical activity?

Members’ motivation for exercise was classified into four types: fitness motivation, appearance motivation, enjoyment motivation and social motivation (see also HCM July 14, p48). For each motivation type – which were not mutually exclusive – members’ level of motivation was then classed as high or not. Table 1 shows the percentage of members with high levels of motivation, broken down by type of motivation and according to whether they reported tracking their physical activity. So, for example, 62 per cent of members who used a tracker said they were highly motivated by appearance; among those who didn’t use a tracker, only 52 per cent were motivated by appearance.

In general, members who tracked their physical activity reported stronger motivation than members who did not track. But when considered together, only two types of motivation were significantly higher among members who tracked their activity: appearance and enjoyment motivation.

Visit frequency
The average visit frequency per month was 6.7 visits for members who reported using tracking technology and 6.7 for members who did not, so there is no association between tracking of physical activity and club visits.

Tracking technology & progress
Figure 1 shows the percentage of members who report they have made progress in the last three months in nine areas, according to whether they reported tracking their activity or not.

Apart from making friends, all outcomes are in favour of tracking, although differences in reported progress between members who track their activity and those who don’t is quite small. The largest difference is in weight loss, with 9 per cent more members reporting weight loss if they also reported tracking their activity. This isn’t entirely surprising given the most common method of tracking reported is MyFitnessPal – specifically designed to help people with weight loss.

Activity tracking & retention
So does tracking activity impact a member’s likelihood of retaining membership? Figure 2 shows that a lower proportion of members retain their membership over seven months of follow-up if they report tracking their physical activity compared to members who do not: 87 per cent of members who didn’t track their physical activity retained their membership at seven months, compared to 83 per cent of members who did track their activity.

The risk of cancelling during the seven-month follow-up period was 25 per cent higher in the tracking members compared to the non-tracking members.

Members who track their physical activity are younger than members who do not, so it’s possible this age difference accounts for the difference in risk of cancelling rather than the use of tracking technology – being younger and/or a more recent club joiner are characteristics that increase this risk.

However, although the additional risk of cancelling among tracking members reduces to 7 per cent when we take account of differences in age between tracking and non-tracking members, this is still statistically significant.

Further, for every 1,000 members, four extra cancel each month if they track their physical activity compared to those who don’t (see Figure 3).

Proceed with caution
Wearable technology for tracking personal behaviour attracts considerable press coverage and its use is likely to increase. It’s possible that club operators will believe that either providing their own or encouraging the use of tracking technology will have an effect on their membership retention. This is intuitively appealing.

However, the results of this study suggest operators should be cautious. Even though members who choose to use tracking systems to monitor their behaviour report slightly higher levels of exercise motivation and recent progress on appearance and weight loss, this doesn’t translate into changes in club usage or retention. At best there’s no effect; at worst it actually increases the risk of cancellation.

We’ve previously reported that progress on weight and appearance do not increase membership retention, whereas perceived social and enjoyment benefits do. There is a danger, therefore, that a focus on tracking systems may detract from a greater focus on interpersonal relationships within the club – something we have shown are strongly and consistently associated with higher retention rates in health club members of all types.

While some members will find tracking their behaviour helpful in making progress on appearance and weight loss, this alone will not improve membership retention.